The Role of Technological Regulation in a World of Geopolitical Upheaval
Keywords:
regulation, geopolitics, standards, governance, artificial intelligenceAbstract
The development of technology over the past two centuries had followed a linear, non-disruptive trajectory. Technological standards typically spanned extended periods, during which the processes of adaptation affected only a marginal segment of the population. Broadly speaking, the technological landscape was unipolar, affording the dominant powers a sense of confidence in the preservation of their leadership. However, the exponential growth of digital technologies and their rapid diffusion throughout society-coupled with the emergence of new technological powers challenging the traditional hegemony-now necessitate the establishment of new balances of power.
Downloads
References
Amendola, N., Araujo, L., & Ferraris, L. (2024). Digital vs Physical Currency: A Difference That Makes a Difference *. https://ies.keio.ac.jp/upload/20240723macro_Luis_WP.pdf
Asociación europea para la transición digital. (2024, April 29). El ‘informe Letta’ y la transición digital europea: una inteligente llamada de atención. Asociación Europea Para La Transición Digital. https://digitalforeurope.eu/el-informe-letta-y-la-transicion-digital-europea-una-inteligente-llamada-de-atencion
ATEGI. (2025, January 9). El problema de la innovación en Europa: intentar regular el futuro. ATEGI. https://ategi.com/2025/01/09/el-problema-de-la-innovacion-en-europa-intentar-regular-el-futuro/
Ayuso, S. (2025, May 2). Europa retrasa su código de control de la IA entre presiones de EE UU. El País. https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2025-05-02/europa-retrasa-su-codigo-de-buenas-practicas-de-ia-en-medio-de-presiones-directas-de-ee-uu.html
Balderrama Santander, R., & Trejo Romero, A. (2021). Hecho en China 2025 y la autosuficiencia en nuevas tecnologías. Comercio Exterior. https://revistacomercioexterior.com/hecho-en-china-2025-y-la-autosuficiencia-en-nuevas-tecnologias
Can, M., & Vieira, A. (2022). The Chinese Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: A State Action Theory Perspective. The International Spectator, 57(3), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2022.2080262
Center for Advanced Security, S. and I. S. (2020). Digital Dependence Index. CASSIS. https://digitaldependence.eu/en/
CHIPS and Science Act (2021). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/4346
Colomina Saló, C., & Galceran-Vercher, M. (2024). The other geopolitics of AI. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 138, 27–50. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2024.138.3.27
Decisión de La Comisión, de 26 de Julio de 2000, Con Arreglo a La Directiva 95/46/CE Del Parlamento Europeo y Del Consejo, Sobre La Adecuación de La Protección Conferida Por Los Principios de Puerto Seguro Para La Protección de La Vida Privada (2000). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/ALL/?uri=celex:32000D0520
Draghi, M. (2024). The future of European competitiveness. https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en?filename=The%20future%20of%20European%20competitiveness%20_%20A%20competitiveness%20strategy%20for%20Europe.pdf
European Commission. (2025, February 12). Paquete sobre la Ley de Servicios Digitales. Digital Strategy. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/es/policies/digital-services-act-package
Feijóo, C., Kwon, Y., Bauer, J. M., Bohlin, E., Howell, B., Jain, R., Potgieter, P., Vu, K., Whalley, J., & Xia, J. (2020). Harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) to increase wellbeing for all: The case for a new technology diplomacy. Telecommunications Policy, 44(6), 101988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101988
Fojón, E. (2024, November 16). Tecno-geopolítica: la carrera tecnológica entre potencias marcará el futuro de sus relaciones. The Objective. https://theobjective.com/internacional/2024-11-26/tecno-geopolitica/
Gónzález Mínguez, J. (2024, September 11). El informe Letta: un conjunto de recetas para dinamizar la economía europea. Banco de España Eurosistema. https://www.bde.es/wbe/es/publicaciones/ver-mas/ultimas-publicaciones/el-informe-letta-un-conjunto-de-recetas-para-dinamizar-la-economia-europea.html#
Guevara, T. (2023, February 21). Rusia y EEUU ponen fin a su política de no proliferación nuclear, ¿qué tratados se quedaron por el camino? Voice of America. https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/cuantos-tratados-de-control-de-armas-nucleares-se-han-firmado-y-que-vigencia-han-tenido/6973105.html
Hagebôlling, D. (2022, April 28). La lucha geopolítica por el liderazgo tecnológico. Política Exterior. https://www.politicaexterior.com/la-lucha-geopolitica-por-el-liderazgo-tecnologico/
He-rim, J. (2025, March 9). Billions at stake: Trump’s CHIPS Act repeal plan worries Korean chipmakers. The Korea Herald. https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10437115
Hindle, A. (2020). Impacto del RGPD en la gestión de acceso e identidad. https://bok.idpro.org/article/24/galley/219/download/&ved=2ahUKEwiwz6CQvomNAxVW8rsIHQ2ZC7wQFnoECBYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3s6rsrizETQ_BM4ZJlU5kK
Hsieh, C.-T., Lin, B., & Shih, C. (2024, February 27). Poorly designed Chips Act hurts Taiwan, TSMC. The Asset . https://www.theasset.com/article/51003/poorly-designed-chips-act-hurts-taiwan-tsmc
Inflation Reduction Act (2021). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376/text
Kyprianou, C. (2024). Social media and strategic leadership. In Z. Simsek, C. Heavey, & B. C. Fox (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Strategic Leadership in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (pp. 216–233). Elgar Online. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802208818
Lazard. (2023). Geopolitics of Artificial Intelligence. https://www.lazard.com/research-insights/the-geopolitics-of-artificial-intelligence/
León Serrano, G. (2025a). Contexto y repercusión del «Informe Draghi» desde la perspectiva europea de la Defensa y la Seguridad. https://www.acami.es/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Informe-Draghi-perspectiva-europea-de-Defensa-web.pdf
León Serrano, G. (2025b, May 9). Timeliness of the debate on the Draghi Report. Tech Diplomacy EU. https://techdiplomacyeu.substack.com/p/timeliness-of-the-debate-on-the-draghi
Letta, E. (2024). Enrico Letta - Much more than a market (April 2024). https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/ny3j24sm/much-more-than-a-market-report-by-enrico-letta.pdf
Lin, L., & Spegele, B. (2025, March 28). Xi’s Message in Rare Meeting With Global CEOs: Defend Trade. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/world/china/china-xi-ceo-meeting-trump-tariffs-a378e20a
Martínez Martínez, R. (2024, October). ¿Es la economía o el GDPR? Tecnología y Sentido Común, 38–41. https://tecnologiaysentidocomun.com/es-la-economia-o-el-gdpr/
Phular, K. (2024, June 10). Indo-pacífico: minilateralismo y oportunidades para Europa. Reporte Asia. https://reporteasia.com/opinion/2024/06/10/indo-pacifico-minilateralismo-y-oportunidades-para-europa/
Pope, A. (2024). NYT v. OpenAI: The Times’s About-Face. Harvard Law Review.
Press release. (2024, May 24). El Consejo adopta unas Conclusiones sobre el futuro del mercado único. Consejo Europeo - Consejo de La Unión Europea. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/es/press/press-releases/2024/05/24/council-adopts-conclusions-on-the-future-of-the-single-market/
Sentencia Del Tribunal de Justicia de La Unión Europea (TJUE), Caso C-362/14 (2015). https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=169195&doclang=ES
Sentencia Del Tribunal de Justicia (Gran Sala) de 16 de Julio de 2020 (July 16, 2020). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62018CA0311&from=ES
Stangarone, T. (2022, September 15). Complexity of Inflation Reduction Act . The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/opinion/20220915/complexity-of-inflation-reduction-act
Stone, M., Potkin, F., & Lee, W.-Y. (2025, February 14). Trump prepares to change U.S. CHIPS Act conditions, sources say. The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/14/world/politics/trump-us-chips-act/
TST. (2024, November 25). Taiwan passes its Chips Act, offers tax credits to chipmakers. The Strait Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-passes-its-chips-act-offers-tax-credits-to-chipmakers
UN CCW. (2019). CONVENTION ON CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS ( CCW ) CCW meetings and key milestones in 2019. March, 4–5.
Universidad de Granada. (2024, February 19). La Ley de Servicios Digitales empieza a aplicarse a todas las plataformas en línea de la Unión Europea. Centro de Documentación Europea. https://cde.ugr.es/index.php/union-europea/noticias-ue/1756-la-ley-de-servicios-digitales-empieza-a-aplicarse-a-todas-las-plataformas-en-linea-de-la-union-europea
Wolters Kluwer. (2024, February 12). Ley de Servicios Digitales o DSA: qué es y obligaciones del reglamento. Wolters Kluwer.Com. https://www.wolterskluwer.com/es-es/expert-insights/dsa-ley-de-servicios-digitales
